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BIOGRAPHY OF NIRVANA
The
popular rock band Nirvana was founded in 1987 in Aberdeen, Washington.
Their music was an offshoot of punk and alternative rock and was
labeled grunge rock by the mainstream press and media of the time.
Nirvana were the first band know as "grunge" to achieve
multiplatinum success, ushering in the era of Alternative Music
which dominated music in the first half of the 90's. Kurt Cobain
(vocals, guitar) met Chris Novoselic (born Krist Novoselic) (bass).
The
group disbanded in 1994 upon the death of its leader, Kurt Cobain.
Many critics and historians hail Nirvana as the "flagship
band" of "Generation X".
Cobain and
Krist Novoselic met in 1985. Both were fans of The Melvins, and
both were interested in forming a band. They worked with a series
of drummers (Aaron Burckhard, Dan Peters and Dale Crover of The
Melvins, who played on their first demos), before settling on
Chad Channing. Channing played on their first album, Bleach, released
by Sub Pop records. Bleach was highly influenced by Cobain's then-favorite
band, The Melvins, as well as the heavy dirge-rock of Mudhoney.
Though he
did not actually play on the album, Jason Everman was credited
as playing guitar on Bleach because he put up the money for the
recording sessions. After the album's completion, Everman had
a brief and contentious tenure with the band as a second guitar
player, but was ousted following their first US tour. Not long
after, he briefly played bass with Soundgarden, and later joined
the band Mind Funk. In
early 1990, the band began working with producer Butch Vig on
recordings for the follow-up to Bleach. During the sessions, Kurt
and Krist realized that Chad wasn't quite the drummer the band
needed, and he was let go after the sessions were complete. After
a few weeks with Dale Crover of The Melvins filling in, they drafted
Mudhoney drummer Dan Peters, with whom they recorded the song
"Sliver". In 1990, Buzz Osbourne of The Melvins later
hooked them up with Dave Grohl, who drummed with D.C. Hardcore
punks Scream.
Following
repeated recommendation by Sonic Youth's Kim Gordon, David Geffen
signed Nirvana to DGC Records in 1990 and the band began recording
their first major label album. The result, Nevermind, is now regarded
as a classic. The album was produced by Butch Vig, who had previously
worked with Sonic Youth and Smashing Pumpkins.
After recording,
Vig initially started off to mix the album as well but both Vig
and Nirvana were not satisfied with their results so they decided
to call in someone else to mix the album. DGC sent them a list
with possible options. Cobain did not want to use mixers that
had worked with other bands he liked because he did not want to
sound like them, so he decided to call in the guy at the bottom
of the list after whose name it read 'Slayer': Andy Wallace. Later
Cobain would complain in the press that Wallace had made Nevermind
sound too slick, although Wallace had been his own choice and
the bandmembers themselves had been involved in the mixing process.1
Wallace, however, had tempered the band's indie rock leanings,
and had created a mainstream-ready rock sound that others would
attempt to duplicate for the next decade.
Nevermind
was a massive, unexpected success, selling millions of copies.
The highly infectious single "Smells Like Teen Spirit"
received heavy airplay on MTV, inspiring a slew of imitators,
bringing the grunge sound, as well as so-called alternative rock
and alternative culture, into the mainstream. The popularity of
"alternative" rock — as well as the sidelining
of hair metal — is often credited to Nevermind. Citing exhaustion,
the band decided not to undertake another US tour in support of
Nevermind, instead opting to make a handful of performances later
that year.
Cobain married
Courtney Love, the leader of the indie rock band Hole, in February
of 1992. Shortly after the marriage, rumors that the couple were
heavy heroin users began to circulate and the strength of the
rumors only increased when Nirvana canceled several summer concerts
and refused to mount a full-scale American tour . Courtney gave
birth to a daughter, Frances Bean, in August. Just days after
Frances Bean's birth, Nirvana put on a memorable performance at
the MTV Video Music Awards. MTV had wanted the band to play "Teen
Spirit", but the band wanted to play a new song called "Rape
Me". MTV was appalled at the idea of a song called "Rape
Me", and eventually agreed that the band could play "Lithium"
instead. When the band began their performance, Kurt strummed
the first few bars of "Rape Me", giving the MTV execs
a solid shock before jumping into "Lithium". Just weeks
later, Nirvana performed one of its most popular concerts, headlining
at the Reading Festival. Cobain entered the stage in a wheelchair
as a practical joke, then proceeded to get up and join the rest
of the band in tearing through an assortment of old and new material.
Nirvana released
Incesticide, a collection of B-sides and rarities, in December
of 1992. It is believed that they did so to circumvent bootleggers.
The album contained such fan favorites as "Sliver" and
"Aneurysm" as well as covers of songs by The Vaselines,
a band that became more popular as a result of Nirvana's covers.
For 1993's
In Utero, the band brought in producer Steve Albini, perhaps best
known for his work on the highly influential Pixies album Surfer
Rosa. The sessions with Albini were productive and notably quick:
the initial version of the album was recorded and mixed in two
weeks, a far cry from the months spent recording and mixing Nevermind.
Some saw bringing
in Albini as a deliberate move on Nirvana's part to give the album
a rawer, more unpolished sound: that the band wanted to alienate
or distance some of their new "mainstream" audience
who'd paid little or no attention to the alternative, obscure,
or experimental bands Nirvana saw as their forebearers. One song
on In Utero featuring long periods of shrill feedback noise was
titled, ironically, "Radio Friendly Unit Shifter". (In
the industry, a "radio-friendly unit shifter" describes
an "ideal" album: one capable of heavy radio play and
ultimately selling many copies, or "units".) However,
Cobain insisted that Albini's sound was simply the one he'd always
wanted Nirvana to have: a "natural" recording without
layers and layers of studio trickery.
While popular
perception after the fact was that the band wanted this distorted
masterpiece, they were actually unhappy with certain aspects of
Albini's mixes. Specifically, they thought the bass levels were
too low, and Cobain felt that "Heart-Shaped Box" and
"All Apologies" didn't sound "perfect". Longtime
R.E.M. producer Scott Litt was called in to help remix those two
songs, with Cobain adding additional instrumentation and backing
vocals. Litt also remixed "Pennyroyal Tea", but Albini's
version was used on the album.
With In Utero,
the band also faced corporate censorship. Giant store chain Wal-Mart
refused to carry the album, citing song titles like "Rape
Me" and Kurt's plastic-fetus collage on the album's artwork
as too controversial for the "family-oriented" chain.
The band decided to abide by the request, and compiled a version
of the album with "clean" artwork and "Rape Me"
retitled "Waif Me". Other than the inclusion of Litt's
mix of "Pennyroyal Tea", however, the music on the album
was identical to the wider release. When asked about the edited
version, Kurt noted that he could relate to the small-town residents
that had no other local music stores and were forced to buy their
music at Wal-Mart.
While "Heart-Shaped
Box" was received warmly by alternative radio, and In Utero
debuted at number one on the Billboard Album chart, the album
didn't enjoy the same success as Nevermind. When the band embarked
on the US In Utero tour (with Pat Smear of the punk rock band
The Germs as second guitarist), its first major tour of the States
since the success of "Smells Like Teen Spirit", it regularly
played to half-filled arenas, stymied by the lack of tour support
for Nevermind and the challenging new release.
In November
of 1993, the band decided to change direction, and sat down for
an appearance on MTV Unplugged. The sessions revealed the depth
of Cobain's songwriting, which had often been buried under the
sonic fury of the band's sound. The song selection also demonstrated
Cobain's broad musical interests through his choice of cover songs.
It became a hallmark moment of Nirvana's history, if not amplified
by the tragedy soon to follow.
In early 1994,
the band embarked on a European tour. While the tour started off
well, the performances gradually declined, with Kurt looking bored
and distracted during the shows. Following a tour stop at Terminal
Einz in Munich, Germany, on March 1st, Cobain was diagnosed with
bronchitis and severe laryngitis. The next night's show at the
same venue was canceled. In Utero was released in September of
1993 to positive reviews and strong initial sales, debuting at
the top of the U.S. and U.K. charts. Nirvana supported it with
a fall American tour, with former Germs member Pat Smear as a
second guitarist. Ticket sales weren't quite as strong as expected,
with several shows not selling out until the week of the concert.
As a result, the group agreed to play MTV's acoustic Unplugged
show at the end of the year, and sales of In Utero picked up after
its December airing. After the U.S. tour, Nirvana began a European
tour in February.
Following
a concert in Munich on February 29, Cobain stayed in Rome to vacation
with Love. On March 4, she awakened to find that Cobain had attempted
suicide by overdosing. While the attempt was initially reported
as an accidental overdose, it was known that Cobain had left behind
a suicide note.The
doctor told a press conference that the singer had reacted to
a combination of prescription Rohypnol and alcohol. The rest of
the tour was canceled, including a planned leg in the UK.
In the ensuing
weeks, Cobain's heroin addiction resurfaced. An intervention was
organized, and Cobain was convinced to check into rehab. After
less than a week in rehab, Cobain climbed over the wall of the
facility and flew back to Seattle. A week later, on Friday, April
8, 1994, Cobain's body was discovered at his Seattle home, dead
of an apparent suicide, effectively dissolving Nirvana.
Several
Nirvana albums have been released since Cobain's death. The first
came in November of 1994 with the release of the band's subdued
and eerily morbid performance for MTV Unplugged, Unplugged in
New York. This album included guest appearances by members of
the Meat Puppets and cover versions of Meat Puppets, Leadbelly,
and David Bowie material.
Two weeks
after the release of Unplugged in New York, a video compilation
of Nirvana performances, titled Live! Tonight! Sold Out!!, was
released. Cobain himself had compiled a good portion of the video,
which documented much of the Nevermind tour. Memorable footage
from the video included an infamous incident with a bouncer at
a Texas club in October of 1991, as well as the band's performance
of "Aneurysm" donned in dresses at Rock in Rio in Brazil
in January of 1993.
After his
death, Kurt Cobain was hailed as a spokesman for Generation X
and became a rock icon. Novoselic and Grohl planned to release
a double-disc live album at the end of 1994, but MTV Unplugged
in New York appeared in its place. The album debuted at the top
of the British and American charts. Following Cobain's death,
Grohl formed the Foo Fighters Novoselic started the trio Sweet
75.
In 1997, word
spread that Grohl and Novoselic were organizing a box set of Nirvana
rarities. Four years later, it was announced that the box set
was complete, and would see release in September to coincide with
the 10th anniversary of the release of Nevermind. However, shortly
before the release date, Courtney Love filed an injunction to
stop the box set's release and sued Grohl and Novoselic, claiming
that Cobain's former bandmates were hijacking Nirvana's legacy
for their own personal interests. What followed was a protracted
legal battle over the ownership of Nirvana's music that lasted
for more than a year. Much
of the legal wrangling centered on a single unreleased song, "You
Know You're Right", the band's final studio recording. Grohl
and Novoselic wanted to include the song on the box set, essentially
releasing all of the rarities at one time. Love, however, argued
that the song was more important than just a generic "rarity",
and should be included on a single-disc greatest hits compilation.
After more than a year of often public and sometimes bizarre legal
maneuvering, the parties settled, agreeing on the immediate release
of the greatest hits package including "You Know You're Right",
titled simply Nirvana. In turn, Love agreed to donate cassette
demos recorded by Cobain for use on the box set.
Nirvana fans'
first taste of "You Know You're Right" came in early
1995 when Courtney Love played a version of the song with her
band Hole on MTV Unplugged under the title "You've Got No
Right". A live rough draft version of the song performed
by Nirvana at their October 23, 1993 concert at the Aragon Ballroom
in Chicago surfaced in Nirvana tape-trading circles a few months
later. In the years that followed, rumors of the existence of
a studio version of the song perpetuated through Nirvana's fanbase,
and it grew to almost mythic proportions. For fans, the first
real confirmation of its existence came in 2001 when fragments
of the studio recording leaked on the Internet, sending anticipation
into a fever pitch. As the court case neared completion in September
of 2002, the entire song unexpectedly leaked, days before the
announcement of the release of Nirvana. Even though the studio
version turned out itself to be a rough draft with unfinished
lyrics, fans and non-fans alike adored the song, leading it to
become one of the most-played songs on Alternative radio in both
2002 and 2003.
According
to some, notably public access host Richard Lee of Seattle, Kurt
Cobain was murdered. His ongoing documentary has been running
since the week after Cobain's demise. In
addition, Tom Grant, a private investigator once employed by Love,
adamantly believes that Cobain's death was homicide. Grant was
hired by Courtney to find Kurt after his disappearance from rehab,
and was still under her employ when Kurt's body was found. Grant
cites the official toxicology report, which claims that Kurt's
heroin level was three times the lethal dosage at the time of
his death, as the key piece of evidence of murder, arguing that
Kurt could not have injected himself with such a dose and still
be able to pull the trigger. Many, however, see Grant as an opportunist,
capitalizing on Kurt's death by selling "kits" about
the conspiracy via his website. (see website link below)
Filmmaker
Nick Broomfield decided to investigate the story for himself,
and took a film crew to visit a number of people associated with
Kurt and Courtney, including Courtney's father, Kurt's aunt, and
one of the couple's former nannies. Most notably, Broomfield spoke
to a man named El Duce, who claimed that Courtney had offered
him $50,000 to kill Cobain, and passed a polygraph. Broomfield
inadvertantly captured El Duce's last interview, as he died under
mysterious circumstances days later. Broomfield titled the finished
documentary Kurt & Courtney, and it was released in 1998.
In the end, however, Broomfield felt he hadn't uncovered enough
evidence to conclude the existence of a conspiracy.
Journalists
Ian Halperin and Max Wallace took a similar path and attempted
to investigate the conspiracy for themselves. Their inital work,
the 1999 book Who Killed Kurt Cobain? drew a similar conclusion
to Broomfield's film: while there wasn't enough evidence to prove
a conspiracy, there was more than enough to demand that the case
be reopened. A notable element of the book included their discussions
with Tom Grant, who had taped nearly every conversation that he
had undertaken while he was under Courtney Love's employ. On their
insistence, Grant played some the tapes for the journalists to
prove his claims. Over the next couple of years, Halperin and
Wallace collaborated with Grant to write a second book, 2004's
Love and Death: The Murder of Kurt Cobain, where they claim to
conclusively prove that Cobain was murdered.
However, while
the murder theories remain popular among a core group of hardcore
Nirvana fans, the official verdict of death by self-inflicted
gunshot wound is still generally accepted by the public. Most
cite Cobain's persistent drug addiction, clinical depression,
and handwritten suicide note as conclusive proof. Many also point
out that Grohl and Novoselic have remained silent in the matter,
and that they would certainly have spoken out had they believed
that Kurt was murdered.
Cobain wrote
in a journal often, leaving 22 notebooks filled with his writing
when he died. In November 2002, a sampling of these writings was
published as Journals. The book is 280 pages with a simple black
cover; the pages are arranged somewhat chronologically (although
Cobain generally did not date them). The journal pages are reproduced
in color, and there is a section added at the back that has explanations
and transcripts of some of the less legible pages. The writings
begin in the late 1980s, around the time the band started, and
end in 1994. A paperback version of the book, released in 2003,
included a handful of writings that were not offered in the initial
release.
Nirvana was
released on October 29, 2002. On top of "You Know You're
Right", the album contained hit singles from their three
studio albums as well as several alternate mixes and recordings
of familiar Nirvana songs. Following its release, many long-time
fans complained about the song selection, noting that the alternate
version of "Been a Son" (from the Blew EP) was not the
band's preferred version, and that the disc lacked songs such
as "Sappy" (released as "Verse Chorus Verse")
that had received significant radio airplay following Kurt's death.
It was revealed
in the liner notes of the Nirvana album that Cobain was concerned
that he had not been able to write anything substantial during
their last tour and had little material with which to go into
the studio. He had always made a point of working on new material
during the tour and playing it differently every night so that
by the time the tour ended they would have the songs worked out,
ready to be recorded. For example, a 1989 performance of the song
"Breed" (then titled "Immodium") was included
on Wishkah, recorded a full two years before the song's release
on Nevermind. Some have used Cobain's feeling of being "written-out"
as one possible explanation for his suicide. November
of 2004 finally saw the release of the Nirvana box set, titled
With the Lights Out. The box set contained a vast array of early
Cobain demos, rough rehearsal recordings, and live tracks recorded
throughout the band's history.
Of note to
serious Nirvana fans were unfinished studio recordings of "Old
Age" and "Verse Chorus Verse" (different from "Sappy")
recorded during the Nevermind sessions. But, for many, the most
exciting track on the entire box was a solo acoustic demo of a
song called "Do Re Mi", recorded by Cobain in his bedroom
just a few short weeks before his death. It showed that even in
the turmoil of his final days, Kurt still had the gift for melody
that he had demonstrated so many years earlier in songs like "About
a Girl". Even
with this box set release, it is still speculated that Courtney
Love still has many unreleased songs in her vault. One of these
rumored songs is an electric version of "Do Re Mi" recorded
in their Seattle, Washington home studio after an intervention
staged by Love. This electric recording supposedly features Nirvana's
touring gutarist, Pat Smear playing along with Cobain. Also beleived
is that Love plans on releasing solo material of hers and Cobains
in a John and Yoko "Double Fantasy" format at a future
date.
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